Animal or animals is also called a group of organisms that are classified in the kingdom Animalia or metazoans, is one of a variety of living things on earth. Other designations are the fauna and wildlife (or animals only)
Animals in the sense of modern systematics includes only the many-celled (multicellular) and organized in different functions (network), so the group is also called histozoa. All animals heterotrophs, meaning not create your own energy, but must pick up from the surrounding environment.
Etymology
The word "animal" comes from the Latin is "animalis", which means "having breath". In everyday colloquial usage, the word usually refers to non-human animals. Sometimes, a close relative of humans and other vertebrates such as mammals addressed in informal usage. Biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, includes creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects and humans.
The characteristics of animals
Animals have the power of motion, responsive to external stimuli, grow to a certain large, complex shapes require food and soft tissue. Distinction is valid in general, of course, there are abnormalities-disorder. Each individual, both in animals and in unicellular multicellular animals, is one unit. The animal organization, means any part of a subordinate body of the individual as well as parts of a whole cell or whole cells. This is called the organismal concept, an important concept in biology.
In general, the following are characteristics of animals:
1.Animals are eukaryotic organisms, multicellular, heterotrophic. In contrast to autotrophic nutrition in plants, animals enter the ready-made organic materials, into the body by swallowing (ingestion) or other organisms eat, or eat the organic material that decomposes.
2.Animal cells do not have cell walls that support the body with strong, as in plants or fungi. The largest component of animal cells consisting of a structural protein collagen.
3.The uniqueness of the other animals is the presence of the two networks are responsible for the delivery of impulses and movements, namely neuronal tissue and muscle tissue so it can move actively.
4.Most animals reproduce sexually, with a dominant diploid phase of its life cycle.
5.The respiratory tract in animals vary depending on temapt hidupya, there is breathing with lungs like a cat, like the gills of fish, worm-like skin, trachea, such as insects.
6.Need food to grow and survive.
7.Has no sense thinking.
8.Can be controlled to humans (pet / circus).
9.Life can end (death)
Animal Cells
Animal cells have a distinctive organelle, which is a useful centrioles during cell division. The existence of these organelles become one of the characteristics that distinguish between animals and plants. Other features of animal cells is not animal cells have cell walls, has a small vacuoles does not even exist, do not have plastids. As in plants, animal cells that have the same structure and function will form a network.
Most of the cell is composed of water and major chemical components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Tues composed of two layers of membrane phospholipids are selectively permeable besifat, which means that only certain molecules can enter and exit the cell.
Most of the cell is composed of water and major chemical components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. Tues composed of two layers of membrane phospholipids are selectively permeable besifat, which means that only certain molecules can enter and exit the cell.
Animal Tissues
Network is a collection of similar cells that have the same structure and function to form an organ. Types of networks that are generally owned by vertebrates and humans there are four kinds of networks epitl, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. consists of connective tissue matrix and connective tissue cells. The matrix consists of fibers and fiber-based materials, whereas the fibers of the matrix itself consists of several types of kalogen fibers, elastin fibers, and reticular fibers. Ikatnnya network consisting of multiple cell types, such as the fat cells.
Animal organ
Organ is a combination of different types of networks that are organized in a particular function. The higher the degree of an animal, the more of its organs. It aims to work efficiency, due to the number of organ tubuhmaka division of labor will be more effective. Based on its location, the organs are grouped into two kinds, namely the internal organs and external organs. Organ in the body such as liver and heart. Whereas the outer parts of the body such as skin, eyes, ears, and nose.
Organ is a combination of different types of networks that are organized in a particular function. The higher the degree of an animal, the more of its organs. It aims to work efficiency, due to the number of organ tubuhmaka division of labor will be more effective. Based on its location, the organs are grouped into two kinds, namely the internal organs and external organs. Organ in the body such as liver and heart. Whereas the outer parts of the body such as skin, eyes, ears, and nose.
Animal Systems
Organ system is a combination of various organs to perform certain functions in the body. Each organ is equally important role in carrying out its functions. Organ systems are usually grouped into nine, the skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, endocrine system, excretion system, reproductive system. Circulatory system in animals is generally in the form of a closed circulatory system of single and dual closed circulation. Closed circulatory system means that the blood flow through blood vessels, and double / single rotation which is the number of blood through the heart at
Early forms of Animals
An early form of animal-like protists that berflagela alleged that later lost flagelata kloroplasnya and growing like they are today. Another Tori said animal cells evolved from aerobic eukaryotic cells. These organisms have evolved to form groups of Protozoa. Furthermore there is a change from single-celled animals to multicellular animals. Alleged that multicellular animals initially spherical hollow, and consists of a single layer of cells. Based on the hypothesis of this animal is called blastea. Blastea name taken from a form in embryonic development, the blastula.
Algae and Protozoa present is the result of the first radiation, while blastea no longer be found except in the form of blastula in the development of multicellular animal embryos. Blastela form allows to develop further in the second and third radiation.
An early form of animal-like protists that berflagela alleged that later lost flagelata kloroplasnya and growing like they are today. Another Tori said animal cells evolved from aerobic eukaryotic cells. These organisms have evolved to form groups of Protozoa. Furthermore there is a change from single-celled animals to multicellular animals. Alleged that multicellular animals initially spherical hollow, and consists of a single layer of cells. Based on the hypothesis of this animal is called blastea. Blastea name taken from a form in embryonic development, the blastula.
Algae and Protozoa present is the result of the first radiation, while blastea no longer be found except in the form of blastula in the development of multicellular animal embryos. Blastela form allows to develop further in the second and third radiation.
The evolution of invertebrates and vertebrates
Invertebrate evolution starting from a common ancestor that lived in marine protists. When that biological evolution takes place more rapidly than biological evolution first. Protists branched three, starting from the phylum Porifera, the phylum Cnidaria, and the phylum Platyhelminthes. Plathyhelminthes three-pronged, the first branch trifurcate into phyla, molluscs, annelid phylum, and phyla Arthropoda. The second branch of a phylum Nematoda. While the third branch into two phyla Echinodermata and the Chordata phylum.
Of the evolution of invertebrates can be seen that the evolution of vertebrate ancestral Echinodermata form. Echinodermata Echinodermata will evolve into the modern present, such as starfish, sea urchins, Hemichordata, primitive chordates (such as tunicates and Lanceleolatus). Modern vertebrates that includes seven classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Aves, and mammals.
Invertebrate evolution starting from a common ancestor that lived in marine protists. When that biological evolution takes place more rapidly than biological evolution first. Protists branched three, starting from the phylum Porifera, the phylum Cnidaria, and the phylum Platyhelminthes. Plathyhelminthes three-pronged, the first branch trifurcate into phyla, molluscs, annelid phylum, and phyla Arthropoda. The second branch of a phylum Nematoda. While the third branch into two phyla Echinodermata and the Chordata phylum.
Of the evolution of invertebrates can be seen that the evolution of vertebrate ancestral Echinodermata form. Echinodermata Echinodermata will evolve into the modern present, such as starfish, sea urchins, Hemichordata, primitive chordates (such as tunicates and Lanceleolatus). Modern vertebrates that includes seven classes Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptiles, Aves, and mammals.
The evolution of life at sea to land
Cells are thought to evolve evolved in the sea, reducing the types of water plants and animals that live and breed in the water. Because of the competition, there are organisms that are trying to live on land. After a life on land occurred competition in getting food and a place to live. Some species allegedly tried to back into the water. In an effort back into the water, there is behasil, some are not successful. Examples of work are dolphins, whales, which live entirely in water.
Cells are thought to evolve evolved in the sea, reducing the types of water plants and animals that live and breed in the water. Because of the competition, there are organisms that are trying to live on land. After a life on land occurred competition in getting food and a place to live. Some species allegedly tried to back into the water. In an effort back into the water, there is behasil, some are not successful. Examples of work are dolphins, whales, which live entirely in water.
Development of the Animals
In the early systematics, animal includes many single-celled organisms that are classified as heterotrophic protozoa because of the nature and actively moving (motile). This grouping continues adopted until the mid-20th century and until now still used for practical purposes. When people begin to assume that one-celled organisms do not have a network organization, was formed to bring together all groups of Protista simple organisms that behave like an animal (moving, heterotrophs).
Developmental biology since the latter half of the 20th century has shown that many single-celled organism can no longer be maintained as an animal. Into the "animal" put all multicellular organisms that sperm cells have a common structure with koanosit, a primitive generative cells. In addition, the application of the concept of evolution and has changed many organizations kladistik animal systematics. This reclassification process is still ongoing.
According to experts, the establishment of the animals on earth began from single-celled zygote cell division and cell experience is going to increase much resembles a ball is formed. Shape into a ball is going to experience growth, that is curved to the inside so it will be formed of two layers, the ectoderm (outer layer) and endoderm (inner layer). Ectoderm in the form of development of certain body parts, the epidermis, the skin, and nervous system, while the endoderm layer will develop into the digestive system and glands. There are some animals that thrive on the second level of this layer is called diplobastik. As for which one of those animals is Porifera and Coelenterata. Between these two layers, the ectoderm and endoderm will develop and form a layer of mesoderm. Mesoderm layer will form part of the body that develops into muscle, reproductive system, circulatory system, and the excretion system. Groups of animals that developed on the third level of this layer is called triplobastik. This is a group of animals and Nemathelminthes Platyhelminthes.
From the survey results revealed the Platyhelminthes not have a body cavity, the body looks solid, with no cavity between the gut and outer body that is classified as triplobastik aselomata (= coelomic cavity of the body). As for the quasi-Nemathelminthes have a body cavity, the cavity forming mesoderm has not been true since it appears in the mesoderm has not been divided into the inner layer and outer layer, called the triplobastik pseudoselomata and who have a body cavity called triplobastik selomata because mesodermnya are separated by a body cavity that is formed into two layers, namely inner and outer. Including groups of animals are annelids to chordates.
From the above description it can be seen that the formation of animals starting from Protozoa and Porifera, Coelenterata, to the level of mammals. Thus, these animals have evolved from one cell into many cells to form triplobastik aselomata, pseudoselomata, until selomata.
Animals are classified in the group Invertebrates have characteristic equation, which does not have the joints of the spine (vertebrae). If we observe, this animal group has the organizational pattern of the body that is rather simple, compared with a group of Vertebrate animals. With this basis that these animals are considered primitive, or is the earliest forms of life that has undergone little change.
Developmental biology since the latter half of the 20th century has shown that many single-celled organism can no longer be maintained as an animal. Into the "animal" put all multicellular organisms that sperm cells have a common structure with koanosit, a primitive generative cells. In addition, the application of the concept of evolution and has changed many organizations kladistik animal systematics. This reclassification process is still ongoing.
According to experts, the establishment of the animals on earth began from single-celled zygote cell division and cell experience is going to increase much resembles a ball is formed. Shape into a ball is going to experience growth, that is curved to the inside so it will be formed of two layers, the ectoderm (outer layer) and endoderm (inner layer). Ectoderm in the form of development of certain body parts, the epidermis, the skin, and nervous system, while the endoderm layer will develop into the digestive system and glands. There are some animals that thrive on the second level of this layer is called diplobastik. As for which one of those animals is Porifera and Coelenterata. Between these two layers, the ectoderm and endoderm will develop and form a layer of mesoderm. Mesoderm layer will form part of the body that develops into muscle, reproductive system, circulatory system, and the excretion system. Groups of animals that developed on the third level of this layer is called triplobastik. This is a group of animals and Nemathelminthes Platyhelminthes.
From the survey results revealed the Platyhelminthes not have a body cavity, the body looks solid, with no cavity between the gut and outer body that is classified as triplobastik aselomata (= coelomic cavity of the body). As for the quasi-Nemathelminthes have a body cavity, the cavity forming mesoderm has not been true since it appears in the mesoderm has not been divided into the inner layer and outer layer, called the triplobastik pseudoselomata and who have a body cavity called triplobastik selomata because mesodermnya are separated by a body cavity that is formed into two layers, namely inner and outer. Including groups of animals are annelids to chordates.
From the above description it can be seen that the formation of animals starting from Protozoa and Porifera, Coelenterata, to the level of mammals. Thus, these animals have evolved from one cell into many cells to form triplobastik aselomata, pseudoselomata, until selomata.
Animals are classified in the group Invertebrates have characteristic equation, which does not have the joints of the spine (vertebrae). If we observe, this animal group has the organizational pattern of the body that is rather simple, compared with a group of Vertebrate animals. With this basis that these animals are considered primitive, or is the earliest forms of life that has undergone little change.
Animal growth
Animal growth and development began in the formation of a zygote. One cell zygote will grow and develop to the stage of "zygote, morula, blastula-gastrula" and to form an embryo. The embryo will berdiferensi to form various tissues and organs. Organs will come together and merge into the organism. Then, the organisms grow and develop into an adult organism.
In the life cycle of a particular animal, there is a change in body shape of the embryo to adulthood. This shape change is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis can be divided into two kinds, namely metamorphosis and incomplete. metamorphosis is characterized by the presence of different body shapes in every phase of metamorphosis, such as the butterfly and frog. Incomplete metamorphosis is characterized by the same body shape but different size in one phase of metamorphosis, such as the grasshoppers and cockroaches.
Factors that influence the growth and development of the animal can be divided into two types: internal and external factors. Internal factors include genes and hormones. Genes are hereditary factors inherited from parents (parent) to keturunannua, while hormones are organic compounds that regulate the growth and development of the animal. External factors include water, nutrients, light, activity, and environment.
In the life cycle of a particular animal, there is a change in body shape of the embryo to adulthood. This shape change is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis can be divided into two kinds, namely metamorphosis and incomplete. metamorphosis is characterized by the presence of different body shapes in every phase of metamorphosis, such as the butterfly and frog. Incomplete metamorphosis is characterized by the same body shape but different size in one phase of metamorphosis, such as the grasshoppers and cockroaches.
Factors that influence the growth and development of the animal can be divided into two types: internal and external factors. Internal factors include genes and hormones. Genes are hereditary factors inherited from parents (parent) to keturunannua, while hormones are organic compounds that regulate the growth and development of the animal. External factors include water, nutrients, light, activity, and environment.
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